27Sep 2018 by admin

Section 57 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Holidays
Facts of which Court must take judicial notice:The Court shall take judicial notice of the following facts: Image Source: cdn.3news.co.nz ADVERTISEMENTS: (1) All laws in force in the territory of India;(2) All public Acts passed or hereafter to be passed by Parliament of the United Kingdom, and all local and personal Acts directed by Parliament of the United Kingdom to be judicially noticed;(3) Articles of War for the Indian Army, Navy or Air Force;(4) The course of proceeding of Parliament of the United Kingdom, of the Constituent Assembly of India, of Parliament and of the legislatures established under any law for the time being in force in a Province or in the State; ADVERTISEMENTS: (5) The accession and the sign manual of the Sovereign for the time being of the…
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27Sep 2018 by admin

Section 61 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Law
Proof of contents of documents:The contents of documents may be proved either by primary or by secondary evidence. Image Source: flagstaffgroup.com.au ADVERTISEMENTS: Comments: Section 61 provides that the contents of document can be proved either.— (i) by primary evidence, i.e. by producing the document itself (Section 62) or (ii) by secondary evidence (Section 63). When primary evidence is not available secondary evidence may be permitted by the court to prove the contents of document. There is no other method of proving the contents of document. “The truth or otherwise of the facts or contents so stated would have to be proved by admissible evidence i.e. by the evidence of those persons who can vouchsafe for the truth of the facts in issue. The contents of document without formal proof cannot…
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27Sep 2018 by admin

Section 60 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Law
Oral evidence must be direct:Oral evidence must, in all cases whatever, be direct; that is to say— Image Source: pcij.org ADVERTISEMENTS: If it refers to a fact which could be seen, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he saw it;If it refers to a fact which could be heard, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he heard it;If it refers to a fact which could be perceived by any other sense or in any other manner, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he perceived it by that sense or in that manner;If it refers to an opinion or to the grounds on which that opinion is held, it must be the evidence of the person who holds that…
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27Sep 2018 by admin

Essay on the Police Force of India (1857 Words)

History
Essay on the Police Force of India !Police force has been in existence in India in one form or another from the very ancient times. There are references to the existence of police system in epics, namely, Mahabharata and Ramayana. The great ancient law-giver Manu also emphasised the need of police force for maintenance of law and order. image source: blogs.reuters.com ADVERTISEMENTS: According to him, police functions could be entrusted to only those who were well acquainted with the local people and were dedicated to the cause of protection of society against law violators. He also refers to the secret intelligence practised in his time for the prevention and detection of crimes.The ancient history of India further reveals that there was a well organised police force during the reigns of…
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27Sep 2018 by admin

Inquiry by Magistrate into cause of death (Section 176 of CrPc)

Marriage
Legal provisions regarding inquiry by Magistrate into cause of death under section 176 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.(i) When the case is of the nature referred to in clause (i), i.e., the case involves suicide by a woman within seven years of her marriage or clause (ii) of sub-section (3) of Section 174, i.e., the case relates to the death of a woman within seven years of her marriage in any circumstances raising a reasonable suspicion that some other person committed an offence in relation to such woman, the nearest Magistrate empowered to hold inquests shall, and in any other case mentioned in sub-section (1) of Section 174, i.e., committed suicide, or has been killed by another or an animal or by machinery, or by an accident, or…
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27Sep 2018 by admin

Short Speech on White Collar Crime (844 Words)

Marketing
Here is Your Short Speech on White Collar Crime !The concept of “white collar crime” found its place in criminology for the first time in 1941 when Sutherland published his research paper on white collar criminality in the American Sociological Review. He defined white collar crime as a “crime committed by persons of respectability and high social status in course of their occupation”. ADVERTISEMENTS: A white-collar criminal belongs to upper socio-economic class who violates the criminal law while conducting his professional qualities. For example, misrepresentation through fraudulent advertisements, infringement of patents, copyrights and trade-marks etc., are frequently resorted to by manufacturers, industrialists and other persons of repute in course of their occupation with a view to earning huge profits.Other illustrations of white collar criminality include publication of fabricated balance sheets…
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27Sep 2018 by admin

Essay on Hoarding, Black Marketing and Adulteration in India (580 Words)

Marketing
Essay on Hoarding, Black Marketing and Adulteration in India !The white collar crimes which are common to Indian trade and business world are hoarding, profiteering and black marketing. Violation of foreign exchange regulations and import and export laws are frequently resorted to for the sake of huge profits. That apart, adulteration of foodstuffs, edibles and drugs which causes irreparable danger to public health is yet another white collar crime common in India. image source:gmhlegal.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The Law Commission of India has suggested drastic measures against such offenders. In the Commission’s observation the tedious prosecution process involved in the trial of such cases frustrates the cause of justice and often results into unjustified acquittal due to defective report of the analyst or delay in examination of samples or lack of legal…
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27Sep 2018 by admin

Section 66 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Law
Rules as to notice to produce:Secondary evidence of the contents of the documents referred to in Section 65, Clause (a), shall not be given unless the party proposing to give such secondary evidence has previously given to the party in whose possession or power the document is, or to his attorney or pleader, such notice to produce it as is prescribed by law; and if no notice is prescribed by law, then such notice as the Court considers reasonable under the circumstances of the case: Image Source: simplifyem.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Provided that such notice shall not be required in order to render secondary evidence admissible in any of the following cases, or in any other case in which the Court thinks fit to dispense with it:(1) When the document to be…
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27Sep 2018 by admin

Section 65 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Management
Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given:Secondary evidence may be given of the existence, condition, or contents of a document in the following cases: Image Source: alaboroflove.org ADVERTISEMENTS: (a) When the original is shown or appears to be in the possession or power of the person against whom the document is sought to be proved, or of any person out of reach of, or not subject to, the process of the Court, or of any person legally bound to produce it, and when, after the notice mentioned in Section 66, such person does not produce it;(b) When the existence, condition or contents of the original have been proved to be admitted in writing by the person against whom it is proved or by his representative in…
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27Sep 2018 by admin

Section 58 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Law
Facts admitted need not be proved:No fact need to be proved in any proceeding which the parties thereto or their agents agree to admit at the hearing, or which, before the hearing, they agree to admit by any writing under their hands, or which by any rule of pleading in force at the time they are deemed to have admitted by their pleadings: Image Source: 4medapproved.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Provided that the Court may, in its discretion, require the facts admitted to be proved otherwise than by such admissions.Comments: Principle: Facts admitted by the parties or their agents need not be proved. Section 58 lays down that if the parties to the proceeding or their agents agree to admit a fact at the hearing or which they agree to admit by writing…
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