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Principals of delegation subordinate are given below:Delegation should be based on results expected from a position in the organisation. Since authority is intended to achieve certain outcomes in the organisation, it should be adequate to achieve those outcomes. Image Source: power2transform.com ADVERTISEMENTS: A manager is expected to perform better if he knows what he has to contribute and he has commensurate authority for that. Delegation by results expected implies that planning exercise has been taken and goals for each position has been set, communicated and properly understood by those who are responsible for achieving these goals.Often managers fail to delegate adequately because either they have very vague idea about the contributions of their subordinates or they just do not bother to determine whether the subordinates have authority to do the…

Traditional approaches to motivation were based on Scientific Management Approach and Human Relations Approach. Image Source: yourarticlelibrary.com Scientific Management Approach: This approach was introduction and popularised by Frederic W. Taylor. He was one of the first persons to study time and motion systematically in order to calculate the most efficient and simplified means of production. Taylor considered that the ideal worker was a rational economically oriented individual who was motivated almost wholly by monetary incentives. ADVERTISEMENTS: It follows that if the workers are motivated by money, we should increase their wages and the production will be higher. The workers will, thus get motivated. But we have seen the limitations of these theory ourselves. Even with the increase of wages and pay scales we have not been able to motivate our…

Following are the qualities of a supervisor: Leadership Qualities: Actually, supervisor is a leader of the work-force working under him. He leads a group of personnel who look, to him for guidance, direction, and control. Image Source: angeronmymind.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: A supervisor, therefore, should possess all the qualities of leadership to have a rhythm of supervision and to lead the organisation in the desired direction. A loyal and disciplined, work force can be maintained only when supervisor leads them properly. Managerial Skill: Being a part of the management chain he must possess the managerial skill. He must know the managerial functions so that he may get the work done in a term spirit to get the maximum co-operation of the subordinates. He must command respect and unquestioned loyalty. For all this…

Frederick Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory are given below:Herzberg in an initial research project interviewed employees of an industrial organisation in order to find what they did not like. Image Source: a880c9.medialib.glogster.com ADVERTISEMENTS: He found that employees associated bad times on the job with one set of factors and good successful working experiences with a totally different set. Herzberg described the former factors as dissatisfies and the latter as motivators. He has called the dissatisfies as hygiene factor.Dissatisfies included such matters as pay, allowance, organisational policy and administration, behaviour of supervisors and working conditions. Traditionally, above factors were believed as motivators.Herzberg envisaged that these factors simply prevented dissatisfaction and not led to satisfaction. High motivation did not result from their improvement but dissatisfaction did result from their deterioration.Motivators included such factors…

Lickert’s four systems of management are given below:Rensis Likert and his associates at the Michigan University have studied the styles of and managers. According to Rensis Linkert Organizational effectiveness Arid, employee satisfaction are maximized when leaders adopt participative style by involving the group members in the decision-making process. Image Source: mercureaace2013.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: He has identified four basic styles of management, termed as systems ranging autocratic to participative. System No. I: In this system WOW, little confidence in his subordinates. He does not involve them in decision-making. He uses prize and punishment to motivate the subordinates. Authority is highly centralized in the manager. Management in this system is described as “exploitative authoritative”. System No. II: In this system manager adopts what is known as “benevolent- authoritative management style.” He adopts patronizing…

Modern organization are given below:Modern organisation theory and practice views organisation as a system. Webster defines a system as a set for arrangements of things so related or connected as to form a unity or organic whole. A system is thus, unified whole having a number of inter-dependent parts or sub systems and it has identifiable boundaries that distinguish it from its surrounding environment, with which it interacts. Image Source: psdgraphics.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Thus in systems approach equal consideration is given to viz., the whole organisation as well as its component parts. Moreover if it is to survive the organisation must adjust to changes in the environment.Therefore, an organisation should be studied, not merely as a formal arrangement of superiors and subordinates or as a social system in which people influence…