03Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Essay on the Research and Development in Indian Industry

Industry
With the establishment of the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, which had Research and Development by Industry (RDI) as one of its first schemes, the Council’s undertaking numerous activities in the field of industrial research provided a strong technological infrastructure to industry in the country.The Council’s activities covered a chain of national laboratories, specialised centres, various R&D and academic institutions and training centres. A scheme for granting recognition to in-house R&D units in industry operated by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was initiated.The incentives and support measures made available to recognised in-house R&D units in industry were: (i) Income Tax relief on R&D expenditure, (ii) Weighted Tax Deduction for sponsored research, (iii) Customs Duty exemption on goods imported for use in government-funded R&D projects, (iv) Duty…
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03Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

3 Types of Attitudes Among People Towards Power – Essay

Development
Types of attitudes among people towards power are given below: Image Source: fightingforsurvival2.files.wordpress.com Power is Evil: Power holders are regarded as potential enemies and usurpers of the rights of the people. According to this view power should be resisted because it is morally dangerous. The subtle exercise of power has a sinister and evil connotation. ADVERTISEMENTS: The evil reputation of power is justified on same grounds. There is ample evidence to say that throughout the history of mankind power holders have exploited those over whom they have power.The problem got intensified because over a period of time power tended to become concentrated in fewer and fewer hands. To combat the tendency of power to become concentrated in few hands, several persons suggested devolution of powers which promoted the ideal of…
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03Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Section 12 – Removal of disqualification attaching to conviction – Probation of Offenders Act

Elections
Section 12 – Removal of disqualification attaching to conviction – Probation of Offenders Act:Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, a person found guilty of an offence and dealt with under the provisions of Section 3 or Section 4 shall not suffer disqualification, if any, attaching to a conviction of an offence under such law: Image Source: i.ytimg.comProvided that nothing in this section shall apply to a person who, after his release under Section 4, is subsequently sentenced for the original offence. ADVERTISEMENTS: Comment: This section contains provisions relating to effect of discharge on probation and states that it shall not be deemed as conviction. Thus the section seeks to remove disqualification attaching to conviction in probation cases.The High Court of Delhi in Iqbal Singh v. Inspector General of Police…
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03Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Short Essay on the Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Management
Famous psychologist Victor H. Varoom was one of the leading exponents of this theory of motivation. Varoom was of the view that people are motivated to do things to reach a goal if they believe in the worth of the goal and if they believe that what they do helps in achieving that. Image Source: 435729.medialib.glogster.comIn other words, people’s motivation towards doing anything is determined by the value they place on the outcome of their effort and also by the confidence they have their efforts are going to help in the achievement of the goal. Varoom has indicated that: ADVERTISEMENTS: Where force is the strength of a person’s motivation, valence is the strength of an individual’s preference for an outcome, and expectancy is the probability that a particular action will…
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03Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Section 7 – Report of probation officer to be confidential – Probation of Offenders Act

Education
Section 7 – Report of probation officer to be confidential – Probation of Offenders Act:The report of a Probation Officer referred to in sub-section (2) of Section 4 or sub section (2) of Section 6 shall be treated as confidential: Image Source: thestar.comProvided that the Court may, if it so thinks fit, communicate the substance thereof to the offender and may give him an opportunity of producing such evidence as may be relevant to the matter stated in the report. ADVERTISEMENTS: Comment: The report of the Probation Officer which he submits to the Court is confidential in nature. However, if the Court in its discretion deems it in the interest of the accused, the contents of the report may be disclosed to the accused or any other person as the…
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03Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Section 13 – Probation Officers – Probation of Offenders Act

Rehabilitation
Section 13 – Probation Officers – Probation of Offenders Act:(1) A Probation Officer under this Act shall be— Image Source: kywp.uscourts.gov(a) A person appointed to be a Probation Officer by the State Government or recognised as such by the State Government; or ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) A person provided for this purpose by a society recognised in this behalf by the State Government; or(c) In any exceptional case, any other person who, in the opinion of the Court, is fit to act as a Probation Officer in the special circumstances of the case.(2) A Court which passes an order under Section 4 or the District Magistrate of the district in which the offender for the time being resides may, at any time, appoint any Probation Officer in the place of the person…
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03Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Essay on the AH Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory of Motivation

Management
Maslow presented a hierarchy of needs ranging from the basic physical requirements to the complex need of self actualisation. According to Maslow, “Man is motivated in accordance with his needs, once his lower needs are satisfied; he strives to satisfy the higher ones”. Image Source: i.ytimg.comThe needs, propounded by Maslow, may be discussed as follows: Physiological Needs: ADVERTISEMENTS: These are the basic needs of food, shelter, clothing, rest and sex. Men cannot live without the satisfaction of these needs. However, when these needs are satisfied he will strive to satisfy next higher needs. Safety Needs: When physiological needs are satisfied man strives for the safety needs. These needs pertain to the man’s need to be free from any danger which is concerned with his present or future life.He wants his…
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03Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

A Short Speech on Public Sector in India

Industry
Since independence, the public sector in India has been guided by the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, which had as its objective the acceleration of the rate of economic growth and speeding up of the industrialisation as means of achieving the socialist pattern of society.The size of the public sector in India is indeed very large. It includes government departments and its companies whether in the Union or state sector, irrigation and power projects, railways, posts and telegraphs, ordnance factories and other departmental undertakings, banking, insurance, financial and other services. The focus here was on the Central public enterprises established as government companies or statutory corporations excluding banking units. ADVERTISEMENTS: The logic behind public sector undertakings was that private entrepreneurs were always in search of profit and this motive urged…
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03Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Section 11 – Courts competent to make order under the Probation of Offenders Act

Law
Section 11 – Courts competent to make order under the Act, appeal and revision and powers of courts in appeal and revision – Probation of Offenders Act:(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code or any other law, an order under this Act may be made by any Court empowered to try and sentence the offender to imprisonment and also by the High Court or any other court when the case comes before it on appeal or in revision. Image Source: media.nbcwashington.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, where an order under Section 3 or Section 4 is made by any Court trying the offender (other than a High Court), an appeal shall lie to the Court to which appeals ordinarily lie from the sentences of the former Court.(3)…
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03Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Section 10 – Provision as to sureties – Probation of Offenders Act

Law
Section 10 – Provision as to sureties – Probation of Offenders Act:The provisions of Sections 122, 126, 126A, 406A, 514, 514A, 514B and 515 of the Code shall, so far as may be, apply in the case of bonds and sureties given under this Act. Image Source: embed.wistia.comComment: ADVERTISEMENTS: The Code referred to under this section means the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 which came into force on 1st April, 1974. This section specifically lays down that for the purposes of bonds and sureties accepted in case of probation under the Probation of Offenders Act, the following sections of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, and the provisions contained therein will be applicable:—Section 121 (Cr. P.C.) Power of Magistrate to reject sureties.Section 123 (Cr. P.C.) Power to release person imprisoned…
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