22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

4 Important Methods Used for Detecting Mutations

Sciences
A variety of methods are available for detecting mutations, both in plants and animals.Some of most important methods are described below. 1. CLB method for detecting mutations: This method perfected by Muller has been used to detect mutations in X chromosomes of Drosophila. Even though it is primarily meant to detect radiation induced mutations, it can be used in the detection of spontaneous mutations as well. ADVERTISEMENTS: Three characters on the X chromosome are chosen to study the mutation. These are – C = Cross over suppressor. This represents a long inversion in the X chromosome, suppressing the cross over in the inverted portion.Cross over may still occur, but cross over gametes rarely survive due to deficiencies and duplications. L = Lethal gene. This is a recessive character. Hence homozygous…
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22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Essay on “Cytoplasmic Inheritance”

Law
Inheritance of characters from parents to offspring is primarily dependant on the nucleus. Oscar, Her twig etc., had established in 1870 itself the importance of nucleus in the hereditary transmission of characters.The discoveries of Mendel further provided the genetic evidence for nucleus being the seat of all hereditary characters.The nucleus forms specific number of chromosomes during cell division and these duplicate, maintaining their number in future cell generations. Image Source: a4.files.biography.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Chromosomal aberrations, both structural and numerical leading to phenotypic abnormalities provided further proof for chromosomes albeit nucleus to be the only organelle concerned with the transmission of characters.The discovery of sex linked characters gave further impetus for the chromosome theory of inheritance as it was firmly established that a particular trait followed a particular chromosome.An additional proof for…
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22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Useful Notes on the Bright Field (Light) Microscope

Construction
The bright field microscope or light microscope or compound microscopes is the most common and the most indispensable instrument in the biology laboratory. Basically the microscope has two types of parts.The mechanical parts provide the structural framework of the microscope and support the optical parts.The optical parts are involved in the magnification of the object. The following is a detailed description of the various parts of a light microscope. Image Source: microscope.com Base, Pillar and Inclination Joint: ADVERTISEMENTS: The base and the attached pillar serve to support the entire microscope. The base is generally ‘V (horse shoe) shaped or sometimes ‘U’ shaped. Usually the pillar and the base are made heavy in order to minimize vibration.The inclination joint joins the arm of the microscope to the pillar. The joint permits…
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22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

What is the Importance of Golgi Complex in a Cell? – Explained!

Essays
Described first by Camillo Golgi in 1890 in the nerve cells of barn owl, the Golgi complex has attracted the attention of cell biologists not only by its complex structure but also by its varied functions.In fact Golgi complex was observed earlier by St George in 1865 itself. Nassonov (1923) and Bowen (19229) established the secretary function in the Golgi apparatus. Image Source: odermatol.com 1. Terminoloy: ADVERTISEMENTS: Various terms have been employed to refer to the Golgi complex. Baker (1953) described them as Lipochondria as they have high lipid content. Golgi complex found in plant cell is often refered to as Dictyosomes. 2. Occurrence and distribution: All the eukaryotic cells have a golgi complex which is absent in prokaryotic cells. Even in eukaryotic cells of some fungi, spenrmatozoids of bryophytes…
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21Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Biological Applications and Limitations of Electron Microscope

Architecture
Applications: 1. Viewing of ultra structure of the cell organelles is made possible.2 Structural details of large bimolecular such as proteins can be studied.3. Minute details of the topographic architecture are possible which is of systematic value as in the case of pollen grains. Image Source: bioimaging.ubc.ca Limitations of electron microscope: ADVERTISEMENTS: Even though electron microscope is a great advancement over the light microscopes in terms of higher magnification and better resolution, there are certain limitations and light microscopes have their own useful role to play in the microbiological laboratory. The limitations imposed by electron microscope are:-1. Hydrated specimens are not to be used; hence live specimens cannot be observed2. Dehydration even if carefully done will cause some distortion ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. Artifacts may appear4. As electrons have a low penetration…
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21Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

What is the Importance of Retailing to the Economy of India?

Accounting
The Indian retail industry is the fifth largest industry in the world. It comprises organised and unorganised sectors, Indian retail industry is one of the fastest growing industries in India, especially over the last few years. Retail is India’s largest industry, accounting for over 10 percent of the country’s GDP and around eight percent of employment.Though initially, the retail industry in India was mostly unorganised, however with the change of tastes and preferences of the consumers, the industry is getting more popular these days and getting organised as well. With growing market demand, the industry is expected to have grown at a pace of 25-30% annually. The India retail industry is expected to grow from Rs 35,000 crore in 2004-05 to newer heights.In the Indian retailing industry, food is the…
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21Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

14 Different “Store-Based” Retail Stores in India

Music
i. Mom-and-Pop Stores: Mom & Pop stores are stand-alone stores owned and managed by individuals and their families. They typically carry fewer goods (lesser variety), do not adhere to any uniform display format and goods are supposedly priced higher. It is interesting to note however that some of the biggest names in organized retail like Wal-Mart or Tesco started their journey as a single (mom & pop) store!These stores generally cater to small sections of society and located near to the residences of Mom-and-pop store of consumer. Indian Kiranas, a form of mom-and-pop stores will continue to survive because they have one of four attributes of a successful retailer – either to be the cheapest, the biggest, the best, or the nearest. There are over 12 million mom-and-pop stores in…
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21Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of “Magazine Advertising”? – Explained!

Advertising
Advantages of Magazine Advertising: Permits easy reach to niche markets/ particular target audience. Magazines are highly targeted so it’s possible to purchase ad space in that particular magazine that will be read by your target audience no matter how specialised it may be. For example, Filmfare is an Indian magazine that puts a large focus on Bollywood. New Hindi films are often advertised in this magazine because of the popularity of Hindi films in the country. Image Source: johanssonweb.orgHigh reader involvement means that more attention will be paid to the advertisement.Magazines provide products a boost in esteem and prestige giving consumers the status and the credibility of the advertised product and of the ad itself. ADVERTISEMENTS: Magazines have a more shelf life. Magazines that have TV timings for a month…
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21Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of “Newspaper Advertising”? – Explained!

Trade
It comprises national newspapers, regional newspapers, English dailies, vernacular papers, consumer magazines, trade journals, technical journals, professional journals, directories and yearbooks. Image Source: introspectmarketing.files.wordpress.com Advantages of Newspapers Advertising: 1. In-depth coverage ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Mobility3. Results assessable (coupons)4. Improved printing due to availability of better technology5. Cheapest in per capita viewing ADVERTISEMENTS: 6. Flexibility of immediate insertion Disadvantages of Newspapers: 1. Short shelf life, newspapers are read only once.2. Poorly print limits creativity3. Ad space may be expensive, Passive medium (people are not forced to see and read) ADVERTISEMENTS: 4. No audio-video element5. Less up to-date in news coverage6. A literacy (literate but finding an arduous activity)7. Your ad to compete against the clutter of other advertisers8. Targeting difficult 9. Competitors can immediately react to your ads.
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21Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

6 Important Objectives of Effective Distribution Channel

Trade
A distribution channel is a network of firms that are interconnected in their quest to provide sellers a means of infusing the marketplace with goods and buyers a means of purchasing those goods, doing all as efficiently and profitably as possible.The channels of distribution are designed to achieve following objectives: 1. Product Availability: ADVERTISEMENTS: The first objective is to make available the product to the consumer who wants to buy it. The availability has two aspects – the desired level of coverage in terms of appropriate retail outlets and secondly, the positioning of the product within the store. Product availability is important for consumer convenience goods, where customer does not wait to buy a particular brand. However, for unique and important products immediate availability is less critical. 2. Meeting Customers’…
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