02Dec 2018 by admin

Four important attributes of the third generation computer – Essay

Industry
Besides the integrated circuit and family concept, several other noteworthy developments characterized the third generation. Perhaps the most important of these were the operating system, continued improvements in programming languages, the minicomputer, and work processing.1. Operating Systems : ADVERTISEMENTS: An operating system is a set of control programs that supervises the work of the computer systems. Programs were entered one by one and monitored individually by the computer operator.Also, automatic communication between the CPU and devices such as the printer was not yet possible; these elements had to be coordinated manually. With operating systems, however, these tasks could be performed automatically under program control. Image Source:ts.avnet.comAlso, computers in the first and second generations were serial processors; that is, they would do all their work in a one-program-at-a-time fashion. For example,…
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02Dec 2018 by admin

11 Recommendations Made by the Narasimham Committee on the Financial System of India

Accounting
A high level committee was appointed by the Government of India under the Chairmanship of Shri M. Narasimham in August 1991 to examine all aspects relating to the structure organisation, functions and procedures of the financial system.The committee’s report was tabled in Parliament on December 17, 1991: The main recommendations of the committee are as follows: 1. Reduction in Liquidity Ratio: The committee recommended phased reduction in the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) to 25 percent over a period of five years. It also recommended the progressive reduction in Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) from the present high level. Image Source: slideteam.net 2. Abolition of Directed Credit Programmes: ADVERTISEMENTS: The directed Credit programmes should be abolished gradually. The priority sector should be redefined. 3. Free Determination of Interest Rates: The rate of…
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02Dec 2018 by admin

8 Main Features of the Monetary Policy of the Reserve Bank of India

Management
The main features of the monetary policy of the Reserve Bank of India are given below: 1. Active Policy: Before the advent of planning in India in 1951, the monetary policy of the Reserve Bank was a passive, cheap and easy policy. It means that Reserve Bank did not use the measures of monetary policy to regulate the economy.For example from 1935 to 1951, the bank rate remained stable at 3%. But since 1951, the Reserve Bank has been following an active monetary policy. It has been using all the measures of credit control. Image Source: sharonpowell82.files.wordpress.com 2. Overall Expansion: ADVERTISEMENTS: An important feature of Reserve Bank’s monetary policy is that of overall expansion of money supply. In the words of S.L.N. Sinha ‘ The Reserve Bank’s responsibility is not…
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02Dec 2018 by admin

Short essay on the use of disk systems for large computers

Data
The disks used by large computers- mainframes, super-minis, and super­computers- are commonly 14-inch-diameter aluminium platters that are coated on both sides with a magnetizable substance such as ferrous oxide.Records are stored in concentric rings, or tracks. Characters are repre­sented by binary bits, which appear as magnetic fields on the tracks. Each track may consist of several records. ADVERTISEMENTS: On most disk systems that serve large computers, each track is designed to carry the same total amount of data even though the tracks near the outer edge are much longer than those nearer the center and move past the read/write heads faster.This design constraint keeps the data transfer rate constant throughout the system, independent of the location of the track being accessed. The number of tracks per disk varies among manufacturers,…
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02Dec 2018 by admin

Most common types of Memory Chips used in computer (RAM and ROM) – Essay

Data
RAM :Primary memory is commonly referred to by the acronym RAM, which stands for random access memory. Random access means that the storage has addresses and, therefore, the computer system can go to the programs and data it wants directly. ADVERTISEMENTS: This is in contrast to sequential access, where the computer system must check each storage location in turn. The term RAM can be slightly misleading in studying computers. Some kinds of secondary storage devices also have random access capabilities.One of the most important traits of primary memory is that it is temporary- ‘ When the CPU finishes with one set of data and programs in primary memory, it writes another set in its place. In order to be used again, programs 1 and data must be kept in secondary…
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02Dec 2018 by admin

5 Main Reasons for the Emergence of Oligopoly Market

Marketing
Oligopoly is a market structure in which a few sellers supply all or most of the total market output. Now, let us examine why does oligopolistic tendency arise in the market? There are various reasons for the emergence of oligopoly. 1. Huge Capital Investment: Industries like cement, steel, chemicals, petroleum, aircrafts, ship building, etc., are highly capital intensive and require huge capital investment as well as recurring expenses. ADVERTISEMENTS: The cost and time that new firm will have to face make the entry unviable and unattractive.Consequently, only a few big firms continue to operate in the market, who also enjoy the economies of large scale. Few big firms produce enough to meet the entire demand at a lower cost than a large number of firms dividing this total output. Further,…
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02Dec 2018 by admin

How to Evaluate Monopolistic Competition? (7 Ways)

Trade
Chamberlin theory has been severely criticised by a number of economists like Stigler, Coten and Cyert. The evils and defects of monopolistic competition, which are generally spoken of as ‘wastes of competition’ are as follows. 1. Interdependence: The assumption that the firms take decisions independently and ignore the possible reactions by their competitors has been criticised on the ground that the products under monopolistic competition are close substitutes to one another.The very fact that the firms resort to product differentiation implies that they are aware of the market structure and actions as well as possible reactions of their competitors. Actually, the assumptions of product differentiation and independent actions by the rivals are inconsistent. Image Source: leadingeffectively.com 2. Naive Behaviour: ADVERTISEMENTS: Chamberlin’s implicit assumption of naive behaviour that firms do not…
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02Dec 2018 by admin

Short essay for computer engineering students on input/output devices of a computer

Data
Input and output equipment allows people and computers to communicate. Input devices convert data and programs that humans can understand into a form the computer can comprehend.These devices translate the letters, numbers, and other natural-language symbols that humans conventionally use in reading and writing into the configurations of 0 and 1 bits that the computer uses to process data. ADVERTISEMENTS: Output devices, on the other hand, convert the strings of bits the computer uses back into natural- language form to make them understandable to humans. These devices produce output for screen display, output onto paper or film, and so forth.The equipment we are about to discuss can be classified in a number of ways. Some of it is peripheral equipment. These are input or output devices that are normally under…
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02Dec 2018 by admin

Useful Notes on Price Determination Under Monopoly

Essays
The objective of price discrimination is to secure maximum profits by adjusting the price and the output in each distinct sub-market according to the demand conditions. Assuming constant cost conditions in each market, the monopolist has to determine (i) how much total output is to produced and its distribution in each market, and (ii) what prices should be charged in different markets.For the sake of analytical simplicity we assume that the monopolist is able to divide the market for his product into two sub-markets, viz., I and II, whose demand curves are AR, and AR2 respectively with different price elasticities of demand (Fig. 14.10). Image Source: heffins.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The marginal revenue curves corresponding to these given demand or average revenue curves are given by MR1, and MR2 respectively. To determine…
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02Dec 2018 by admin

Useful Notes on the Long Run Equilibrium of Monopolist

Business
The barriers to entry in one form or the other allow the profits of a monopolist to continue even in the long-run. In the long-run, the monopolist has time to expand his plant or to use his existing plant at any level, which will maximise his profits.However, the monopolist need not reach for an optimal scale of plant where the long-run average cost is minimum. With entry blocked, he need not even use his existing plant at an optimal capacity. The size of plant and the extent of utilisation of existing plant of a monopolist depend upon the size of the market demand (i.e., quantity of demand in the market) and long-run average costs. Image Source: crawfordsworld.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Accordingly, he may remain at sub-optimal scale (falling part of his LAC)…
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