23Oct 2018 by admin

8 Limitations and Powers of a Company to Alter its Article of Association (Companies Act, 1956)

Government
A company has an inherent power to alter its articles. Section 31 of the Companies Act conferred the power of alteration to the company which states that a company may alter its articles by passing a special resolution to this effect. A company may even change its Articles with retrospective effect.Any provision making Articles unalterable is regarded as bad in law. Company cannot deprive itself, by an express provision in the Articles or independent contract, of the power to alter its articles. However, there are certain limitations or restrictions on the power of the company to alter its articles of association. Image Source: cdn.indiafilings.com ADVERTISEMENTS: These are as follows:1. Articles can be altered only by a special resolution. Articles can never be altered by an ordinary resolution even if they…
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23Oct 2018 by admin

Difference between State and Civil Society – Explained!

Government
Political Sociologists make a clear distinction between the state and civil society. The former is the sovereign organized single political community of all the people living in a definite territory who have an organized government which makes laws (Legislative function performed by the Legislature) enforces the laws (Executive function performed by the Executive) and interprets and applies laws to specific cases (Judicial functions performed by the Judiciary). State is the sovereign community of all the people and its government is the coercive structure which makes and implements authoritative laws, rules policies, decisions and punishments.Against this Civil Society means all the non-government, private, economic, social, cultural, moral recreational and other such associations and institutions of the people. “Civil Society works outside the state structure and belongs to the realm of autonomous…
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22Oct 2018 by admin

10 Major Limitations of the Elite Theory of Society

Government
The following are the major limitations of the Elite Theory:1. Firstly, Elite theory wrongly assumes inequality as the basis of society. Fundamentally all are equal in the sense that all are capable of developing their faculties and through these occupy any or every public office. No one is inherently more able and wise than others. The difference in intelligence and qualities is that of degree and not of kind. As such the division between the elite and the masses is not organic. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. The theory wrongly reposes all faith in the ability of the elite to the total exclusion of the ability of the masses.3. The elite theory involves an inherent and in-built thesis in favour of totalitarian political systems. Image Source: mediatheorystudies.files.wordpress.com4. It is definitely opposed to the…
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22Oct 2018 by admin

Essay on the “Legitimacy” of a Political System

Government
The concept of Legitimacy is inseparably tied up with the concept of Authority. Infect, legitimacy is the supreme quality of Authority. The ability of a political system to effectively implement its laws and policies in the society and the support that the authority-holders get from the people, depends to a very large extent on the degree of legitimacy that the political system in general and the authority-holders, in particular, enjoy.The effectiveness of authority depends upon the degree of legitimacy that it has at its back. People respect and enduringly obey authority when it enjoys a high level of legitimacy. An authority enjoying less legitimacy is bound to remain inefficient. ADVERTISEMENTS: Authority involves the exercise of legitimate power over the people. Without legitimacy authority takes the form of power or even…
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22Oct 2018 by admin

7 Important Kinds of Authority (as Identified by Eminent Sociologist)

Government
One the basis of the main source of the power exercised by the authority-holder, several kinds of authority is identified by the social scientists. 1. Traditional Authority: Authority based on customs and conventions is called Traditional Authority. The authority of a village elder is a traditional authority. In the political system of Britain, the authority of the King and the Prime Minister mainly rests upon customs, conventions and usages and not upon constitutional laws. Hence their authority can be designated as authority resting upon conventions. It can be called Traditional Authority. 2. Constitutional Authority: ADVERTISEMENTS: The legitimate power vested by the constitution of a state in an office or an institution is called Constitutional Authority. The authority of the President of India, the Prime Minister of India, the Chief Justice…
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22Oct 2018 by admin

Importance of Political Sociology in the Study of Politics

Politics & Government
Political Sociology studies politics at four levels.(1) Political conflict and struggle among nations i.e. the sociology of international relations.(2) The nature and role of the state within various societies. ADVERTISEMENTS: (3) The nature and organisation of political movements and parties.(4) The participation of the individual in politics.The following main areas of study in Political Sociology can be identified:(a) General nature and functions of the state and its political system. ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) Nature of political parties, pressure groups and all other political organisations and movements.(c) Patterns of political participation and political behaviour, including non- participation of the people e.g., empirical research of popular participation in politics and voting behaviour.(d) Power and domination in society.(e) Political elites and masses and the extent to which modern societies can be said to be dominated…
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22Oct 2018 by admin

How to Judge the Legitimacy of a Political System?

Government
Legitimacy being the degree of faith, rightfulness, justness, respect and willing support that a political system and its authority-holders enjoy, no political system can function without it.However, legitimacy cannot be measured only in terms of the obedience of laws and policies by the people, because it can be a forced obedience, or obedience due to a fear of the power of the rulers.In authoritarian and totalitarian political systems and in dictatorships the rulers secure a high degree of obedience for their policies and rules, but their regimes always lack real legitimacy. Image Source: 7c5fc62517c2783a51a7-bc7e8b90b859c9d118bc40a7a1ae6ac9.r65.cf2.rackcdn.com ADVERTISEMENTS: In such systems, the authority holders use coercion to get their commands accepted. A dictator always comes to power by the use of force, violence suppression or dominance. However, he later on tries to secure…
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21Oct 2018 by admin

Some of the powers of a District Magistrate, and a First Class Judicial Magistrate (CrPC, 1973, India)

Government
District Magistrate: Section 20 lays down than in every district and in every metropolitan area the State Government shall appoint one of the Executive Magistrate as the District Magistrate. Besides the powers vested in him under the Code, he is in addition the Collector of the district and is also a District Officer. Powers of District Magistrate: A District Magistrate has, among others, the following powers:1. He is an executive Magistrate who exercises special powers with which he is invested either by the Code of Criminal Procedure or by the State Government (Section 20). ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. He has the power to require the postal or telegraph authorities to deliver any document, parcel or thing in their custody which is wanted for the purpose of any investigation, inquiry, trial or other…
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21Oct 2018 by admin

The Various Classes of Criminal Courts in the Indian Republic for Trial of Offence

Government
Besides the High Court and the courts constituted under any law other than the Code of Criminal Procedure, there are four classes of Criminal Courts in India, namely : (I) Courts of Session, (2) Judicial Magistrate of the First Class, and in any metropolitan area, Metropolitan Magistrates, (3) Judicial Magistrate of the Second Class : and (4) Executive Magistrate (Section 6).Under the Constitution the Supreme Court has also been vested with certain Criminal powers. Article 134 confers appellate jurisdiction on the Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters and an appeal lies to it from a judgment in a criminal proceeding of a High Court if the High Court : (i) has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death; (ii) has…
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20Oct 2018 by admin

What are the Similarities between Ethics and Politics? – Explained!

Diplomacy
(1) Both ethics and politics are related to human behavior: Man is a social animal. Aristotle called him a political animal. Every man is a part of some society and political organization.Thus, ethical behavior is closely related to government lays down rights and duties of the citizens. Social ethics is to quite a large extent, affected by the government Image Source: wired.com (2) Both politics and ethics deal with norms: ADVERTISEMENTS: Both of them study human behavior and give laws for it. Politics lays down laws to organize individuals and groups in order to bring about mass improvements. On the other hand, ethics makes laws, aimed at the attainment of the ultimate good for the individual.It can be said that political laws should be of such a nature that they…
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