Essay on the Duties of an International Manager

Decision Making
Essay on the duties of an International ManagerSince the world is becoming a “global village” and MNCs are becoming a way of business life in practically all countries, a manager must have proper orientation towards “foreign people, ideas and resources.” Three categories have been proposed for classifying managers according to their international orientation. These are ethnocentric, polycentric and geocentric. Image Source: www.dac-intl.com ADVERTISEMENTS: “Ethnocentric managers” are home country oriented and apply the organization’s domestic policies and practices to its overseas units. Decision making is centralized and the headquarters based in the home country provide direction for the entire organization regardless of the geographical location.Even though, it is simple in application, it is not workable in all types of environments. For example, in America, if a company is not doing well,…
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Essay on the Reinforcement Theory of Motivation (823 Words)

Decision Making
Essay on the Reinforcement Theory of Motivation (823 Words)!The reinforcement theory of motivation shifts the emphasis from employee’s underlying needs and thinking processes and focuses on the relationship between behaviour and consequences. The theory rests on two premises. First, that the environment is an important catalyst in determining or reinforcing behaviour. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: If the environment is complementary to established behaviour, then such behaviour is positively reinforced. On the other hand, if environment is hostile to the values and skills of the worker, then negative reactions take place. Second, human behaviour is subject to “cause and effect” phenomenon so that effects can be predicted on the basis of established causes and that behaviour can be changed by manipulating the consequences. Operant Conditioning: Based on the work of B.…
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Essay on the Communication Networks (586 Words)

Decision Making
Essay on the Communication Networks (586 Words)!The communication model discussed earlier identifies the process whereby a message is sent by a sender and is received by a receiver. However, organizational communication is not confined to one sender and one receiver only. Image Source: fra.europa.eu ADVERTISEMENTS: In organizations, communication frequently takes place among many individuals and groups. Many tasks require a variety of inputs from a variety of people and hence managers must link up with these resources of inputs for the purpose of coordination of tasks.A “communication network” represents a pattern of information flow among group members. The importance of communication networks lies in their potential influences on effectiveness, task efficiency, group leadership, member satisfaction, and other variables that affect organizational effectiveness.In the literature on communication networks, five different types…
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Essay on the Conflict Management (1745 Words)

Management
Essay on the Conflict Management (1745 Words)!Except in few situations where conflict can lead to competition and creativity so that in such situations, conflict can be encouraged, in all other cases where conflict is destructive in nature it should be prevented from occurring or resolved as soon after it has developed as possible. Image Source: pgitraining.com ADVERTISEMENTS: A manager must recognize potential sources of conflict analyze thoroughly the various causes of such conflict and devise strategies to manage it for organizational benefit. There are different strategies for managing behavioural causes of conflict and structural causes of conflict. These strategies are discussed as follows: Managing Behavioural Conflict: Various researchers have identified various techniques in dealing with conflict between two or more individuals. Some of the primary strategies for dealing with and…
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Essay on the Behavioural Approach to Management (1401 Words)

Management
Essay on the Behavioural Approach to Management (1401 Words)The classical approach to management primarily viewed individuals as mechanisms of production. The emphasis was on productivity by moving the workers to produce by giving them incentives. Behavioural approach to management is based on the premise that those involved in the organization are the prime determinants of organizational and managerial effectiveness. Image Source: image.slidesharecdn.com ADVERTISEMENTS: It moves away from supervisory procedures and industrial engineering techniques such as time and motion study and focusses on increase in production and managerial efficiency through an understanding of the people. Central to this approach is an increased understanding of the individual worker with emphasis on motivation, needs, interpersonal relationships and group dynamics.Some of the major contributors to the behavioural aspects of management are:i. Mary Parker Follett….…
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Contracts not Specifically Enforceable – Section 14 | Specific Relief Act

Management
Section 14 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 Provides that: 1. Admissibility of: The scope of Section 92 proviso (6) of the Evidence Act, 1872, is laid down as under: “If the terms of document are clear and unambiguous extrinsic evidence is inadmissible in a case otherwise proviso (6) could be involved which permits extrinsic evidence. The case of Abdulla Ahmed v. Animendra Kissen, I960 SCR 30 at p. 46, which say that the conduct of parties to the agreement determines the true effect of the contract and to determine the true effect extrinsic evidence is permissible in case the true meaning to be extracted is doubtful.” Image Source: shopevident.com 2. Applicability of: ADVERTISEMENTS: The Court may enforce specific performance where the suit is for the enforcement of a contract…
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Discretion of Court as to Declaration of Status or Right – Section 34 | Specific Relief Act

Management
Section 34 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 Provides that: 1. Absolute owner: Once the mortgagee is claiming to be an absolute owner of the property his/her status as mortgagee comes to an end and his/her possession becomes adverse to the original owner. Even if such sale is voidable (and not void), it will not alter legal position and adverse title of the original mortgagee continues and if the period of twelve years expires, he/she becomes owner of the property by adverse possession. Image Source: liveanswering.net 2. Adverse possession—Legality of: ADVERTISEMENTS: Once a person gets possession of property as mortgagee, he cannot by a unilateral act or declaration claim a title over the property by adverse possession against the mortgagor since in law his possession is that of the mortgagor.…
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Essay on the Arguments about Corporate Social Responsibility

Management
Just as there are some who overemphasize the importance of corporate social responsibility, there are others who criticize the concept and propose that any acts of social responsibility which would drain the profits of the corporation would be outside the realm of legitimate business functions and would defy the very purpose of the existence and objectives of the corporations. Image Source: advanceprm.comThese critics view the economic and social objectives as contradictory to each other and as separate ends of a continuum. Arguments for CSR: The proponents of corporate social responsibility have put forth arguments supporting the concept. Some of the reasons cited in favour of CSR are summarized as follows: ADVERTISEMENTS: i. Business is unavoidably involved in social issues:Managers are first and foremost citizens, in the same way as the…
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Essay on the Leadership Grid (727 Words)

Business
Another behavioural approach to studying leadership was developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton. Originally called the “Managerial Grid”, the “Leadership Grid” is widely recognized typology of leadership styles. In general, behavioural scientists have separated the two primary concerns in organizations, namely, the concern for production and concern for people. Image Source: donnafishter.comThey believed that a high concern for production necessarily meant low concern for people, and high consideration for workers meant tolerance for low production. However, the leadership grid model emphasized that both concerns should be integrated to achieve the objectives of the organization. It assumes that people and production factors are complementary to each other, rather than mutually exclusive. ADVERTISEMENTS: According to Rao and Narayana, the concern for production is not limited to things only, and concern for…
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Perpetual Injunction when Granted – Section 38 | Specific Relief Act

Management
Section 38 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 Provides that: 1. Action for ejectment: Between a wrongdoer and the prior possessor prior possession of the plaintiff in an action for ejectment is sufficient title against all but the true owner and the wrongdoer cannot successfully resist the suit by showing that the title and right to possession are in a third person. Image Source: thenews-chronicle.com 2. Coparcenary property—Injunction: ADVERTISEMENTS: On aspects of alienation of coparcenary property the Supreme Court laid down that:“It is true that a coparcener takes by birth an interest in the ances­tral property,, but he is not entitled to separate possession of the coparcenary estate. His rights are not independent of the control of the Karta. It would be for the Karta to consider the actual pressure…
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