27Sep 2018 by admin

Section 145 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Law
Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing:A witness may be cross-examined as to previous statements made by him in writing or reduced into writing, and relevant to matters in question, without such writing being shown to him, or being proved; but, if it is intended to contradict him by the writing, his attention must, before the writing can be proved, be called to those parts of it which are to be used for the purpose of contradicting him. Image Source: attorneyjournal.us ADVERTISEMENTS: Comments: Scope: Section 145 is to deal with one of the methods of impeaching the credit of witness. Under Exception 2 of Section 153 of the Evidence Act a witness may be asked any question tending to impeach his impartiality. It permits oral statement to be used for…
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27Sep 2018 by admin

Section 154 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Law
Question by party to his own witness:(1) The Court may, in its discretion, permit the person who calls a witness to put any question to him which might be put in cross-examination by the adverse party. Image Source: images.latintimes.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (2) Nothing in this section shall disentitle the person so permitted under sub-section (1), to rely on any part of the evidence of such witness.Comments: Principle: Section 154 allows a party calling a witness may, with the permission of the court, put leading questions and cross-examine him when it is found that he is a hostile or unwilling to answer questions put to him. It is discretion of the court to allow party to cross-examine his own witness. In trial of an election petition under R.P. Act the provisions of…
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26Sep 2018 by admin

Section 158 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Essays
What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under sections 32 or 33:Whenever any statement, relevant under sections 32 or 33, is proved, all matters may be proved, either in order to contradict or to corroborate it, or in order to impeach or confirm the credit of the person by whom it was made, which might have been proved if that person had been called as a witness and had denied upon cross- examination of the truth matter suggested. Image Source: jessicawluther.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Comments: Under section 158 when any statement of a person, who is dead or cannot be found, is relevant under sections 32 or 33, and have been proved, then all matters may be proved either: (a) to corroborate, or (b) to contradict 0Ã (c)…
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26Sep 2018 by admin

Section 155 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Essays
Impeaching credit of witness:The credit of a witness may be impeached in the following ways by the adverse party, or with the consent of the Court, by the party who calls him:— Image Source: blogdoamstalden.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (1) By the evidence of persons who testify that they, from their knowledge of the witness believe him to be unworthy of credit;(2) By proof that the witness has been bribed, or has accepted the offer of a bribe, or has received any other corrupt inducement to give his evidence;(3) By proof of former statements inconsistent with any part of his evidence which is liable to be contradicted;Explanation: ADVERTISEMENTS: A witness declaring another witness to be unworthy of credit may not, upon his examination-in-chief, give reasons for his belief, but he may be asked…
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26Sep 2018 by admin

Section 151 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Essays
Indecent and scandalous questions:The Court may forbid any questions or inquiries which it regards as indecent or scandalous, although such questions or inquiries may have some bearing on the questions before the Court, unless they relate to facts in issue, or to matters necessary to be known in order to determine whether or not the facts in issue existed. Image Source: s3.amazonaws.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Comments: Section 151 confers power upon the court to forbid putting any question which is indecent or scandalous. The court may stop it if it appears to be indecent or scandalous in the opinion of the court. Such question may be put to the witness during cross-examination when it relates to facts in issue or is necessarily connected with them.The Supreme Court considered such question being improper…
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26Sep 2018 by admin

Section 157 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Events
Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact:In order to corroborate the testimony of a witness, ‘any former statement made by such witness relating to the same fact, at or about the time when the fact took place, or before any authority legally competent to ‘investigate the fact, may be proved. Image Source: wordpress.homicidewatch.org ADVERTISEMENTS: Comments: Principle: Section 157 allows the statement of a witness to be corroborated by his former statement relating to same fact at or about the time when the fact took place or before any competent authority. It requires that the former statement must relate to the same fact, i.e., the fact under inquiry and it must have been made at or about the time when took place.Two conditions…
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26Sep 2018 by admin

Understanding the Meaning and Concept of Public Administration – Essay

Construction
When we listen or use the word administration, at once it strikes on our mind that public administration is only one type or a part of the wider field of administration. This means there can be other types of administration for example business administration or private administration. Image Source: images.slideplayer.comSo before debating to the meaning of public administration, it will be wise to know and understand the meaning of the term “Administration”. Administrative activity in social life has been in existence from time immemorial. ADVERTISEMENTS: To define administration and public administration is very difficult task. No one has yet produced a single definition of administration and public administration that is fully acceptable to both practitioners and scholars, certainly not one that is readily understandable to laymen without any pre-existing knowledge…
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26Sep 2018 by admin

Relationship of Public Administration with Law – Essay

Government
Law and Public administration are also very closely linked with each other. Wilson in The Study of Administration’ has said, “The study of administration philosophically viewed, is closely connected with the study of proper distribution of authority.” Image Source: bcos.orgA public administrator is required to work within the framework of laws and as such he must have a close study and knowledge of laws of the land. He is also required to see that there is nothing contrary to the existing rules and also constitution of the country. ADVERTISEMENTS: Not only this but we also find that in many countries of the world, public administration is considered as a part of the constitution and studied as one of its aspects which amply justifies that there is very close relationship between…
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26Sep 2018 by admin

Criticism of Scientific Management (Taylorism) – Essay

Industry
There seems to be a sharp divergence of opinions among experts about the worth of Taylors work. Opinions concerning to merits of Taylors contribution to the scientific management movement range from that of exalted worship his designation as the father of scientific management to that of exposing him as original recipient of undue credit’. Taylor’s work was criticized on following ground: Image Source: 72abfb7c1a8a71411901-4a3d306595cd09781b35fe13ebdb4f63.r27.cf2.rackcdn.comTaylor was criticised by various scholars among which most important are Oliver Sheldon, a British Management thinker, Miss Marry Parker Follett an American business Philosopher, ADVERTISEMENTS: Sam Lewisohn, Elton Mayo, Peter Drucker and others. They charged that Taylor’s scientific management was impersonal and under emphasised the human factors. This criticism led to a series of experiments in industrial sociology and psychology.The classic Hawthorn experiment of Elton Mayo…
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26Sep 2018 by admin

Short Biography of Woodrow Wilson

Career
Woodrow (Thomas) Wilson (1856-1924) 28th president of United States, born in Staunton Va; Dec; 28, 1856. Two elder sisters Marion and Anne and younger brother Joseph. Image Source: awesomestories.com ADVERTISEMENTS: His paternal grand father migrated to the United States from User in 1807. His maternal grand father Thomas Woodrow, brought up in Paisley, near Glasgow and a graduate of Glasgow University gave distinguished service as pastor at Carlisle, Eng, before moving to the United States in 1835.The stern Presbyterianism of Woodrow’s father, Joseph Ruggles Willson, a minister of indomitable character and theological distinction, left an indelible impression upon the character of the future president.After a brief experience at Davidson College in North Carolina, he entered Princeton University in 1875 and graduated four years later.His scholastic record placed him high in…
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