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The first systematic theory of organisation was formulated in the early years of the present century under the driving force of Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915). An engineer by profession, he is regarded as the father of the scientific management. Image Source: i.ytimg.comTaylor was stimulated in his early thinking by a number of predecessors, particularly the American industrialist and engineer Henery R. Towne. ADVERTISEMENTS: Around the turn of nineteenth century, when the industrial revolution had reached a stage of maturity, the working conditions in the factories were chaotic. The work procedures were neither standardized nor well planned.Choice of methods of work was mainly left to the workers resulting in considerable adhoc planning and inefficiency It was mainly to fulfill this need and find ways to raise industrial productivity that Taylor came…

Bureaucracy as an organisational model was first developed by Max Weber (1864-1920), an eminent German Sociologist. He was one of the founders of modern sociology. Writing during the first part of 20th century, he was contemporary with the scientific management movement and the early phases of administrative management thought. Image Source: i.ytimg.comHis concepts are introduced at this point because, although many of his ideas belong to the classical” school, they seem to bridge the gap between the traditional concepts of organisation and management and on modern ideas in more respects. ADVERTISEMENTS: Weberian bureaucracy is based on mechanistic assumptions about human nature in the pre-1930’s tradition, whereas in other respects, his concepts match the modern scholar’s search for general theories and understanding and the idea of the ultimate predictability of organizational…

Seldom is an organization composed of people who all do the same type of work. The typical pattern is for individuals and groups to specialize in one function or activity, leaving other functions to their colleagues in other departments or divisions. Image Source: 4.bp.blogspot.comIn fact, specialization has become so common in contemporary life that we tend to take it for granted; it has come to be the natural way of doing things.As a step-child of the classical economic theories and as an after thought of the “division of work principle,” specialization combines the best and the worst of the classical- management school. At best it reflects an optimistic view of human development and monolithic preparation throughout one’s career. ADVERTISEMENTS: At worst, it shows a total disregard of the vast complexity…

Administration generally involves co-operative effort by a number of people to achieve some purpose. It is obvious that the efforts of different persons must be according to a preconceived plan if the purpose in hand is to be accomplished. Image Source: sdrc.co.inOtherwise, there will be confusion and working at cross-purposes, and the individual efforts are likely to cancel out one another. Taking a simple example like the rolling of a heavy log of wood by a group of 8 or 10 people, it is necessary that»they should stand on one side of the log facing the direction in which it has to be moved and exert pressure simultaneously. ADVERTISEMENTS: If some stand on one side and others on the other and push in opposite directions their efforts will neutralize one…

Legal provisions regarding alternative punishment under Section 28 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000.Section 28 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 provides that where an act or omission constitute an offence punishable under this Act and also under any other Central or State Act, then, notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force, the offender found guilty of such offences shall be liable to punishment only under such Act as provides for punishment which is greater in degree. Image Source: adeca.alabama.gov ADVERTISEMENTS: According to Rule 18 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules, 2007, the procedure to be followed in respect of Sections 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 of the Act…