17Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Very Useful Notes on ‘Digestion in Invertebrates’

Development
1. Digestion in Protozoa: In all protozoans except parasitic protozoans such as Trypanosoma, Monocystis, digestion takes place in the food vacuoles. Image Source: internal.champaignschools.org ADVERTISEMENTS: Digestion is carried out with the help of certain digestive enzymes. It is still not clear just how the digestive enzymes enter the food vacuoles (Barrington, 1962).According to De Duve 1963, the enzymes are hydrolytic in nature and are contained in special packages called lysosomes.It is believed that during the process of digestion the lysosomes arc discharged in some manner into the food vacuoles and thus contained food is broken down into its constituents whom then pass into the cytoplasm and be assimilated.The parasitic protozoans either absorb the predigested food of their host or digest their food with the help of hydrolytic enzymes outside the…
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17Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Essay on the Role of Commercial Banks in Economic Development

Economic Development
Commercial banks play a significant role in economic development of less developed countries like India. Commercial Banks are a nerve-centre of the country’s capital market, industrial as well as trading activity. Image Source: cdn.yourarticlelibrary.comIn the words of Thirlwall “Banks can encourage thrift and allocate savings wore productively than otherwise by offering a return on savings to be used outside the sector in which they may operate. Banks can help to breakdown sectoral bottlenecks and to unit interest rates”. 1. Helpful in Mobilisation of Savings and Capital Formation: ADVERTISEMENTS: Commercial banks offer facilities of deposits and that too on lucrative terms. This stimulates thrift as well as attracts idle savings into organised capital market of the country.By extending credit facility to the investors and entrepreneurs, banks convert savings into capital formation…
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17Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Short Speech on Animal Cruelty

Government
In our own country, we have many much civilised laws. One of them is called the Prevention of Animal Cruelty Act. It came into force almost fifty years ago, in 1960. But it is one thing to have civilised laws, and quite another to have civilised people. One of the purposes of having laws is to civilise uncivilised people. Unfortunately, when uncivilised people ignore laws and the law-enforcing agencies look the other way, the laws become only so much print on paper.We call ourselves civilised. We go to school. We go to college. We travel in buses and cars. We fly in aeroplanes. We work on computers. We don’t paint our faces and run around naked in jungles with spears in our hands.An interesting thought comes to mind: what if…
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17Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

8 Main Limitations of Multiplier Process in Macroeconomics

Investment
The multiplier and its operation are both based on certain assumptions, non-fulfilment or partial fulfillment of which adversely affects the working of the multiplier retarding the process of income generation. Image Source: i.ytimg.comSome of these assumptions are outlined below: 1. Availability of Consumer Goods: ADVERTISEMENTS: Availability of adequate supply of consumption goods is the basic requisite of income propagation and hence of multiplier process to operate. According to Dr V.K.R.V. Rao, “the principle of multiplier does not work vigorously in an underdeveloped country like India on account of inelastic nature of the consumption output curve”. If consumer goods were not available, consumers would not be able to spend their incomes on these goods. Value of MPC and hence that of the multiplier would be low. 2. Maintenance of the Level…
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17Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

What are the Limitations of Macroeconomics? – Explained!

Industry
Macroeconomic analysis has been gaining strength ever since the publication of J.M. Keynes’ General Theory of Employment Interest and Money.Inductive method has, however, posed the danger of excessive generalization of individual experiences to the system as a whole. Such pitfalls need to be avoided if macroeconomics is to serve as a handmaid of public policy. Let us outline such pitfalls as the limitations of macroeconomics: Image Source: 2.bp.blogspot.com 1. Excessive Generalization: ADVERTISEMENTS: As hinted above, generalization of individual observation to the system as a whole may lead to erratic inferences about the system as a whole. For instance, a loss incurred by one firm in an industry does not necessarily imply losses to all other firms in it. Likewise, hospitality shown by one Indian does not imply that each and…
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17Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Understanding the Credit Creation Methods by the Commercial Banks

Essays
The Main Processes followed by the Commercial Banks for Credit Creation are mentioned below: (i) Under Monopoly Bank or Single Bank System: To begin with, let the Cash Reserve Ratio (R) be 20%. Further, let the initial deposit (Primary Deposit, PD) made with a commercial bank by depositor ‘A’ be Rs 10,000. The commercial bank is required to retain 20% of the deposit as vault cash to encash the cheques of depositor ‘A’ and the rest, 80% of it, it lends to borrower, ‘B Thus, it retains only Rs 2000 (R% of PD = r. PD) and lends out the rest, Rs 8000 [(1 – R) % of PD = (1 – r).PD] to the borrower. Image Source: askright.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Here, r = fl/100. The loan amount of Rs 8000…
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17Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

What are the Main Goals of Monetary Policy?

Industry
Broadly speaking, a monetary policy aims at the following five goals, popularly known as its objectives: 1. Neutrality of Money: Initially suggested by Wicksteed, supported later by Hayek and Robertson, the objective of neutrality of money implies that money should remain strictly neutral, causing no changes in the general price-level, output, income and employment. Image Source: egginasia.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: According to these economists, collectively known as the neutralists, money should not influence economic parameters such as price, output, income and employment nor should it influence the pattern of distribution in society. In other words, money should play a passive role as a medium of exchange and store of value.Neutrality of money is often put to severe criticism on the following grounds:1. It is based on the assumption, implicit in the quantity…
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17Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

What is the Difference between “Standard Coin” and “Token Coin”

Inflation
The Differences between “Standard Coin” and “Token Coin” are as follows: Standard Coin: 1. It is the principal coin of a nation.2. It is a full-bodied coin. Its face-value is equal to its intrinsic value.3. Standard coins are made of gold or silver of a well-defined weight, purity and fineness. ADVERTISEMENTS: 4. Standard coins enjoy free-coinage as the mind is open for the public for getting their precious metals minted into standard coins.5. Standard coins possess the status of unlimited legal tender, i.e. no one can refuse to accept value if paid in standard coins in any quantity.6. Standard coins posses following merits: Image Source: indiacoin.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: i. They inspire higher confidence in the holder,ii. They provide an excellent means of storing purchasing power,iii. There is no fear of inflation,iv.…
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17Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

What are the Disadvantages of “Barter System”? – Explained!

Trade
Barter or ‘commodity for commodity’ exchange suffered from the following disadvantages: 1. Lack of Double Coincidence of Wants: Quite often, two individuals do not need each other’s product. For instance, a farmer, willing to exchange food grains for a cow, can’t do so unless the owner of the cow is willing to accept food grains in exchange for it. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: What if the cow-owner wants goats in exchange? If he does, the farmer with food grains would have to look for someone who owns either goats or a cow and is also willing to exchange whatever he has for food grains.In case the latter owns a cow, the farmer’s problem is solved. He can exchange his food grains for the cow and the matter is over. But…
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17Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

What is known as Savings Function? – (Macroeconomics)

Finance
Functional relationship between saving and income is known as the savings function. Savings vary directly with income, that is, they are high when income is high and low when income is low. In other words, an increase in income leads to an increase in savings. Image Source: 2.bp.blogspot.comFrom the Psychological Law of Consumption, savings represent that part of the disposable income of consumers which is not spent on consumption. Thus, savings function can be derived from the consumption function. ADVERTISEMENTS: Saving = Disposable Income – ConsumptionOr, S = Yd – C = Yd – (Ca + bYd)= Y – Ca – bY[For a two sector model, Yd = Y] ADVERTISEMENTS: = -Ca + (1 – b) YWhen Y = 0, S = – Ca. That means savings are negative when…
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