21Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

14 Important Criticisms Against John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism

Essays
Some of the many arguments against Mill’s Utilitarianism are given below: (1) Arguments against hedonism: Mill’s theory being hedonistic, all the arguments against Hedonism apply to it Hedonism becomes partial due to its excessive emphasis only on the sentiment aspect of human life. In the overall or complete satisfaction of the self, the satisfaction of both reason and feeling is necessary. Image Source: fixquotes.com (2) Difference between Pleasure and happiness: ADVERTISEMENTS: Mill treated happiness as the ultimate goal but then made a blunder by calling it pleasure. There is difference between pleasure and happiness. According to Dewey, “Pleasure is transitory and relative, enduring while some specific activity endures, and having reference only to that activity.Happiness is permanent and universal. It results only when the act is such a one as…
Read More
21Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Short Article for Students on Noise Pollution

Music
Noise pollution can be defined as unwanted or offensive sounds that unreasonably affect our daily activities. The term noise is very subjective. Sometimes when you are concentrating on your work then even a mild conversation or whisper sound may become a noise. On the other hand if you are in light mood in a party, then even many people talking does not seem to be noise.The unit of sound measurement is decibel (dB). Decibel is the unit for measuring the relative loudness of sounds equal approximately to the smallest degree of difference of the loudness that human ears can normally detect. Some levels of sound and their sources. Image Source: c14608526.r26.cf2.rackcdn.com Major Sources of Noise Pollution: ADVERTISEMENTS: i. Road traffic: Road traffic noise is one of the most widespread and…
Read More
21Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Useful Notes on Co-Acceptance of Bills of Bank Guarantees in India

Finance
Co-acceptance is a means of non-fund based import finance whereby a Bill of Exchange drawn by an exporter on the importer is co-accepted by a Bank. By co-accepting the Bill of Exchange, the Bank undertakes to make payment to the exporter even if the importer fails to make payment on due date.The co-acceptance by the importer’s banker acts as a guarantee for the exporter for timely receipt of proceeds from the importer. For the Bank, it is a non-fund based exposure on the importer. It is an increasingly used form of import finance offered by many Banks across the world. Image Source: 4.bp.blogspot.com Benefits to Customer: ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. For the importer, Co-acceptance works out cheaper as compared to opening Import Letter of Credit (LC) since under LC, commission is payable…
Read More
20Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Top Nine Different Theories of “Moral Standard” in the Modern Period of Western Philosophy

Emotions
In the modern period of moral thinking hi the West, the earliest theory of moral standard was the standard as law and the latest is perfectionism.We will give below a summary of different theories of moral standards propounded in the modern period of western philosophy. 1. The Standard as Law: According to some thinkers including Thomas Hobbes, Bain, Locke, Descartes and Paley, ethics is guided by the law. While according to Bam it is the law of society, according to Hobbes, it is the law of state. Image Source: static1.squarespace.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Philosophers like Descartes, Locke and Paley consider God’s dictates as the standards of ethics. The standard as law has been criticized since moral law cannot be based upon external pressure. It is against freedom of soul. It is a…
Read More
20Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

5 Important Principles of Marxist Ethics – Explained!

Industry
Major principles of Marxist ethics, are as follows: (1) Theory of Equality, (2) Theory of Freedom, (3) Theory of Progress, (4) Theory of Identity of Ends and Means, and (5) Approximation of Armed Revolt. 1. Theory of Equality: Equality implies the uprooting of economic classes. All should work equally and receive equal wages. And only communism can achieve this equality of labour and wages. The socialist order is only a step in the same progress. Communism recognizes the difference in powers of individuals, thus equality has been limited to the economic field. Image Source: thedroneinfo.com 2. Theory of Freedom: ADVERTISEMENTS: According to Hegel, freedom lies in the recognition of necessity. In the words of Angles, “Freedom is not achieved by escaping natural laws. Freedom is in understanding them and making…
Read More
20Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

What are the Similarities between Ethics and Politics? – Explained!

Diplomacy
(1) Both ethics and politics are related to human behavior: Man is a social animal. Aristotle called him a political animal. Every man is a part of some society and political organization.Thus, ethical behavior is closely related to government lays down rights and duties of the citizens. Social ethics is to quite a large extent, affected by the government Image Source: wired.com (2) Both politics and ethics deal with norms: ADVERTISEMENTS: Both of them study human behavior and give laws for it. Politics lays down laws to organize individuals and groups in order to bring about mass improvements. On the other hand, ethics makes laws, aimed at the attainment of the ultimate good for the individual.It can be said that political laws should be of such a nature that they…
Read More
20Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

What are the Relationship between “Ethics” and “Religion”? – Explained

Emotions
In Matthew Arnold’s opinion, “Religion is nothing but morality touched with emotion.” It does not, in any way, distinguish between religion and ethics. According to many scholars, including Pringle Pattison and Bradley, ethics and religion are very ultimately related.According to Bradley, “It is a moral duty not to be moral and this is the duty to be religious.” But to be moral, is not a duty hi the sense eating, drinking, sleeping, etc. are. In Semual Alexander’s words, “There are in fact 110 duties to be religious any more than there is a duty to be hungry.” Image Source: foodgalaxy.org ADVERTISEMENTS: Religion is a natural human tendency and it may take any form of manifestation. From the above opinion, it is inferred that religion is based upon emotion but ethical…
Read More
20Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

What are the Differences and Relations between “Ethics” and “Psychology”?

Behavior
In the worlds of Stout, “Ethics enquires how we ought to will not how we actually do will. Psychology on the other hand, deals only with the process of volition as it actually occurs without reference to the lightness or wrongness, or to the ultimate conditions which make lightness and wrongness possible.” Image Source: ethicaluniform.comThus, psychology and ethics are different, having the following points of disagreement: 1. Difference in the Nature of Ethics and Psychology: ADVERTISEMENTS: As is clear from the foregoing statement by Stout, Psychology is a factual and positive science while ethics is an axiological and normative one. Psychology examines facts for formulating general laws while ethics describes them hi the light of ethical good. Psychology studies what is, while ethics contents itself with ‘what ought to be’.In…
Read More
20Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Essay on the Relationship between Ethics and Psychology

Emotions
Ethics is the science of good. It tells us what we ought to do. It places ideals before us and asks us to practice them in life. But it is not a practical science thus it does not tell us how to practice these ideals in life or about the means of obtaining good.Thus the singular study of ethics is insufficient for a delineation of means psychology is needed. Ethical judgments depend upon volitions and these show the way amidst the conflicting desires. What are these desires? What is volition? How are these two related?Psychology answers these questions. Ethics is the science of character. Character is revealed in conduct. What is character? What is conduct? What are reason, intention, desire, self? These questions which arise in ethics are answered by…
Read More
20Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Useful Notes on India and USA Relationship with Recent Developments

Trade
India’s foreign policy issues with USA in initial years were determined byi. Policy of non-alignment in the context of cold war. ADVERTISEMENTS: ii. It welcomed aid and support from both, eastern and western blocks, without being aligned with any one of them.iii. Ideal of Democracy that have been cherished by both the countries. Image Source: cdn.publishyourarticles.netiv. Frustrations due to debacle over Kashmir issues in U.N. where India expected US to support her.v. Stand taken by the two countries on Korean Crisis (1950). ADVERTISEMENTS: vi. Military alliances like SEATO and CENTO wherein Pakistan became a member. Compromise and Conflicts: While in the political field, there were serious differences between the two countries; United States continued to provide food grains, technical cooperation and aid to tide over mounting food-shortage. Under PL 480…
Read More