Essay on the Structural-Functional Approach to Study Political Science

Development
The Structural-Functional Approach seeks to study politics as a system of interactions, i.e., Political System. It analyses Political System as a set of structures performing functions.The credit for popularising this approach goes to Gabriel Almond and his colleagues. Structural-Functional Approach: ADVERTISEMENTS: Structural-Functional Approach has been a very popular and useful approach to the study of Politics as Political System. It seeks to study Political System as a set of functions performed by several structures which together constitute the system of politics.It seeks to identify and analyse the structures which constitute the political system and perform several functions both internally and vis-a-vis other societies. Image Source: vorige.nrc.nlStructural-Functional Approach seeks to analyse: what basic functions are performed by what political structures? Charles worth explains the crux of this approach in a very…
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12 Important Criticism of Easton's Systems Theory of Political Science

Actors
The Important criticisms of Easton’s Systems Approach by several political scientists are as Follows: (1) A Borrowed Approach: Several critics advocate that the Estonian systems theory has for its basis the classical thought, especially that of Adams Smith. I.S. Sorzano has attempted to prove that whatever questions and hypothesis Estonian systems approach appears to generate are mere derivations from the Classical Economic Theory and in a less perfect and even confusing way that Smith himself did.Sorzano observes “The Easton’s model and the traditional economic approach share not only the notions of system and input-output but those of scarcity, allocation, competition, maximization; goat-seeking and feedback as well.” (2) Does not cover Para Systems: ADVERTISEMENTS: Easton’s model offers no systematic way of analysing para-political systems and the international system. (3) Narrow View…
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3 Important Ideological Theories of Marxist Approach to Study Political Science

Relationships
Marxian Approach is based on several ideological theories which were formulated by Karl Marx and Engels. 1. Dialectical Materialism: Dialectical Materialism is Marxist philosophy. It constitutes the philosophical foundations of the Marxian Approach. According to Marx what is real is matter and ideas are manifestations of matter i.e. material conditions of society. ADVERTISEMENTS: Marx adopted the laws of dialectical evolution, as developed by Hegel, and applied them to the field of matter. According to Karl Marx, matter, in the form of material forces evolves according to the three laws of dialectics:(i) The Law of Transformation, (ii) The Law of Unity of Opposites, and (iii) The Law of Negation of Negation. Image Source: chabadsociologist.files.wordpress.com(i) The Law of Transformation: The first law, when applied to the field of social evolution, specifies that…
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5 Important Features of Karl Marx’s Class Approach to the Study of Politics

Economics
The Marxian Approach is based largely on the writings of Karl Marx and Engels. It is also called Marxist-Leninist Approach because it was explained, developed and productively used for the first time by Lenin, who was followed by Stalin and Mao Tse Tung.Marxian Approach is also known as Class Approach because it seeks to study politics and society in terms of relations between two economic classes—the haves (Rich) and have-nots (Poor) or the owners and the workers.It regards class struggle between these two economic classes as the reality of all relations in all human societies. It is based on the view that political relations are determined by economic relations between the two economic classes, which have always been present in every society. Image Source: songandsin.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: “All political actions represent…
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Post-Behaviouralism Approach to Study Political Science – Essay

Development
After remaining popular for almost two decades (1940-60), the Behavioural Approach got transformed into Post-Behaviouralism. Twenty years of behavioural research brought to light its limitations and weaknesses.The failure to make any real progress towards the objective of building a scientific political theory compelled the behaviouralists to admit reforms in the light of their experiences with behavioural research. They accepted several reforms and the exercise got the name Post-Behaviouralism.Post-Behaviouralism did not constitute a return to the traditional approach. It accepted the merit of Behaviouralism but at the same time advocated the need to reform it. The Post- Behaviouralists were reformed behaviouralists. Post-Behaviouralism emerged as a reform movement within Behaviouralism. Image Source: cdn.shareyouressays.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Post-Behaviouralism accepted and advocated:1. The need to study all realities of Politics.2. The need to study social change.…
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5 Important Criticisms Against the Systems Approach to Study Political Science

Writers
The Important Criticisms of Systems Approach are listed below: (1) David Easton’s Systems Approach has been criticised due to the abstract nature of his concepts. Can one deal with abstractions and still talk in terms of a system?Dr. S.P. Verma, “A close study of Easton’s political thought makes it very clear that his continuous efforts to move from the abstract to the concrete and from the concrete back to the abstract only land him into a great deal of confusion. ADVERTISEMENTS: (2) Even at the micro-level, systems approach is not applicable to the study of the third world countries. Wasby says, “When we go outside the context of North America and the Western World, it becomes apparent that relatively few countries exist wherein there is not a more than remote…
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12 Important Characteristics of Behavioural Approach to the Study of Politics

Sciences
The Important Characteristics of Behavioural Approach to the Study of Politics are listed below: 1. Study of Human Political Behaviour: Instead of political institutions, Behavioural Approach stands for the study of human behaviour in politics. It places emphasis upon the study of both individual as well as group behaviour in politics. 2. Empirical Methods: ADVERTISEMENTS: Behavioural approach advocates the use of empirical methods of study involving data collection through field methods, and analysis of data using statistical and mathematical measurement techniques. It advocates a study of facts of political life. 3. Interdisciplinary Focus: It advocates the study of politics with the help of knowledge drawn from other social sciences, particularly sociology, psychology and anthropology. It even accepts the need to use concepts drawn from natural sciences. Image Source: lawrence.edu 4.…
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13 Limitations of Behaviouralism Approach to Study of Politics

Sciences
The Limitations of Behaviouralism Approach to the Study of Politics are given below: 1. Behavioural approach is not a very set and definite approach: It represents several different views with a common cause or with a similar focus. Big differences and divisions among the behaviouralists have made the behavioural approach highly complex and confusing. 2. Difficulties in the study of human behaviour: ADVERTISEMENTS: Human behaviour as the object of study is always bound to be problematic and even fruitless. 3. All aspects of human behaviour do not admit empirical methods: All aspects of human behaviour cannot be observed and stated in empirical generalisations. Image Source: uchicagomed.files.wordpress.com 4. Politics can lose its autonomous status: Behavioural Approach can make Politics dependent upon other social sciences, particularly Psychology, Sociology and Anthropology. 5. Study…
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Importance of Political Sociology in the Study of Politics

Politics & Government
Political Sociology studies politics at four levels.(1) Political conflict and struggle among nations i.e. the sociology of international relations.(2) The nature and role of the state within various societies. ADVERTISEMENTS: (3) The nature and organisation of political movements and parties.(4) The participation of the individual in politics.The following main areas of study in Political Sociology can be identified:(a) General nature and functions of the state and its political system. ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) Nature of political parties, pressure groups and all other political organisations and movements.(c) Patterns of political participation and political behaviour, including non- participation of the people e.g., empirical research of popular participation in politics and voting behaviour.(d) Power and domination in society.(e) Political elites and masses and the extent to which modern societies can be said to be dominated…
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4 Important Stages Involved in the “Evolution of Political Sociology”

Relationships
Important Stages Involved in the Evolution of Political Sociology are given below: (i) Classical Period: Even in times very ancient, during the Greek and Roman times, man was considered to be a social and political animal by several eminent political philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, St. Augustine and Aquinas. In his work ‘the Republic’, Plato clearly wrote that state performs the function of maintaining law, order and justice in society.Likewise, the father of Political Science, Aristotle wrote in his work Politics that family was the root from which the state had its origin. He defined state as a community of families and villages having for its end a happy, prosperous and self-sufficient life. ADVERTISEMENTS: In the medieval period, St. Augustine also argued that society was guided by the divine principles.…
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